Mediation in Turkey (Arabuluculuk): When and How It Works

If you are caught up in a workplace, business or rental dispute in Turkey, you may not be able to go straight to court. For a growing list of cases, mediation in Turkey, known locally as arabuluculuk, is now a compulsory first step before a judge will hear the claim. A neutral mediator registered with the Ministry of Justice helps both sides try to reach their own agreement, and that agreement can be enforced like a court judgment.

This guide explains what mediation in Turkey is, which disputes it covers, when it is compulsory, how the process runs stage by stage, what it usually costs, and the mistakes that most often derail it. The figures and rules here are current as of the time this article is written, and you should confirm the current position with a lawyer, because procedures and official tariffs change.

What Is Mediation in Turkey (Arabuluculuk)?

Mediation in Turkey is a dispute-resolution method in which an independent, trained mediator helps two parties negotiate their own settlement. In some matters it is voluntary. In others it is a mandatory step before litigation. The mediator does not act as a judge and does not decide who is right. Their job is to manage the conversation, narrow the issues, and guide both sides toward a solution they can accept.

The system is governed by the Law on Mediation in Civil Disputes (Law No. 6325), which came into force in 2013. Mediators are lawyers with at least five years of professional experience who have completed mediation training and passed a state exam. They are listed on the official registry kept by the Mediation Department (Arabuluculuk Daire Baskanligi) of the Ministry of Justice. Only a registered mediator may conduct the process.

The real draw is the outcome. When the parties reach a settlement and sign the final document, that agreement can carry the force of a court judgment. It becomes enforceable, so you do not have to sue again to make the other side comply.

When Is Mediation in Turkey Mandatory?

Mediation in Turkey is mandatory as a precondition to litigation for several categories of dispute. In these cases you cannot file the lawsuit until you have first attempted mediation. Turkey introduced mandatory mediation gradually, and the list has grown over the years.

As of the time this article is written, mandatory mediation in Turkey applies to these main areas:

• Labour disputes: claims between employees and employers over items such as unpaid wages, severance, notice pay and certain compensation. Mandatory since 2018.
• Commercial disputes: monetary claims between businesses, including debts and receivables. Mandatory since 2019.
• Consumer disputes: many consumer claims above a threshold value. Mandatory since 2020.
• Rent and certain property disputes: rental disagreements, eviction claims, and some disputes over shared property and neighbour rights. Mandatory since September 2023.

If a case in one of these categories is filed without first completing mandatory mediation, the court rejects it on procedural grounds. That is why checking the requirement early matters so much. Criminal cases, matters of public order and disputes involving domestic violence stay outside the mediation system.

Which Disputes Can Be Settled Through Mediation?

Mediation is available for private-law disputes where the parties are free to decide the outcome themselves. The core test for arabuluculuk in Turkey is whether the right in question is one the parties can freely dispose of. If it is, mediation is usually possible, either as a mandatory step or as a voluntary choice.

Disputes that commonly use mediation

• Employment and workplace money claims.
• Commercial and business receivables between companies.
• Consumer complaints over goods and services.
• Rent, lease and landlord-tenant matters.
• Some family-law money matters, such as agreed financial arrangements, though the divorce itself is decided by a court.

Disputes that cannot be mediated

• Criminal charges and public prosecutions.
• Matters of personal status decided only by a judge, such as the granting of a divorce or a paternity ruling.
• Disputes involving domestic violence.

Foreign nationals doing business or working in Turkey are covered by the same rules. If you are an employee or a company in a mandatory category, the mediation requirement applies regardless of nationality.

How the Mediation Process in Turkey Works, Step by Step

The mediation process in Turkey follows a clear sequence, and in mandatory cases it is built to be fast. So how does mediation work in Turkey from start to finish? Here is the usual order.

1. Application. One party applies to the mediation office (arabuluculuk burosu) at the competent courthouse, or the parties agree on a mediator directly. In mandatory cases the office assigns a mediator from the registry.
2. Assignment and contact. The assigned mediator contacts both parties, explains the process, and arranges the first meeting. Meetings can be held in person or online.
3. The sessions. The mediator hears each side, identifies the real points of disagreement, and helps the parties explore options. Sessions are confidential, and what is said cannot later be used as evidence in court.
4. The outcome. The process ends either with a settlement (anlasma) or with no agreement (anlasmama). The mediator prepares a final report (son tutanak) recording the result.
5. Enforcement. If the parties settle, the signed agreement can be given an enforceability annotation (icra edilebilirlik serhi) by the court, giving it the effect of a judgment. If there is no agreement, the party may then file the lawsuit, attaching the final report.

You may attend mediation with your lawyer, and in commercial and labour disputes many parties do. A lawyer helps you understand what a fair settlement looks like and protects your position if the case later goes to court. Whether mediation or litigation fits your situation depends on the facts, the amounts and your goals, and a lawyer can assess it in a short consultation.

Mediation Versus Litigation in Turkey

Mediation and litigation lead to very different experiences, and the table below sets out the practical differences readers most often ask about. The comparison is general, and the right path depends on the specific dispute.

For many money disputes, mediation resolves the matter faster and at lower cost. Litigation still matters when a party will not negotiate in good faith, when a legal principle needs a judge's ruling, or when the claim falls outside what mediation can cover.

Timeline: How Long Mediation in Turkey Takes

Mandatory mediation in Turkey is meant to conclude quickly, usually within about three to four weeks. By law the mediator should finish a mandatory labour or commercial mediation within roughly three weeks of appointment, extendable by about one further week in difficult cases. In practice, simple disputes often settle in one or two sessions.

Voluntary mediation has no fixed statutory deadline, so the timeline depends on how quickly the parties want to move and how complex the issues are. Even so, most voluntary mediations still finish far faster than a court case, which can run for a year or more through hearings, expert reports and appeals.

In our practice at Karanfiloglu Law Firm, the biggest cause of delay we see is a party being slow to respond to the mediator's first contact, which pushes the whole schedule back. Answering promptly and coming to the first session prepared keeps the process on track.

Costs of Mediation in Turkey

Mediation in Turkey is generally far cheaper than litigation, and the fee structure is set by an official tariff. The mediator's fee is calculated under the Mediation Minimum Fee Tariff (Arabuluculuk Asgari Ucret Tarifesi), which the Ministry of Justice publishes and updates.

• If the parties reach an agreement, the mediator's fee is usually a percentage of the disputed amount, subject to the tariff, and is normally shared by the parties unless they agree otherwise.
• If the parties do not reach an agreement in a mandatory mediation, the fee for the first two hours is generally covered by the Ministry of Justice from the state budget, so the parties often pay little or nothing for a short, failed mandatory mediation.
• Voluntary mediation fees are agreed between the parties and the mediator, again with the tariff as a floor.

These figures move with the annual tariff, so treat them as current as of the time this article is written and confirm the latest rates before you rely on them. Set against court fees, expert costs and the legal time a multi-year lawsuit consumes, mediation usually remains the lower-cost route.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Mediation

Most problems in mediation come from a handful of avoidable errors. Knowing them in advance protects your position.

• Skipping mandatory mediation. Filing a labour, commercial, consumer or rent lawsuit without the mediation step first means the court rejects the case. Always check whether your dispute is in a mandatory category before you sue.
• Ignoring the mediator's calls. Failing to attend a mandatory mediation without a valid excuse can have cost consequences: the absent party may be ordered to bear the litigation costs later even if they win.
• Coming unprepared. Arriving without documents, figures or a clear idea of your minimum acceptable outcome wastes the short window and weakens your negotiating position.
• Signing without advice. A mediation settlement is enforceable like a judgment, so signing terms you do not fully understand can be hard to undo. Have a lawyer review the terms before you sign.
• Missing deadlines after a failed mediation. When mediation ends without agreement, strict time limits can apply to filing the lawsuit. Note the date on the final report and act within the period.

Getting these right is where advice pays off, and it is the point at which most clients we work with in Istanbul first contact a lawyer.

A Practical Summary

Arabuluculuk in Turkey is now a central part of how everyday disputes are resolved, and for labour, commercial, consumer and many rent cases it is a compulsory first step rather than an optional one. The process is fast and confidential, and it usually costs far less than a lawsuit, while a settlement reached through mediation can be enforced like a court judgment. Understanding when mediation in Turkey applies, how the mediation process in Turkey runs, and what a settlement means for you helps you protect your interests, whether you are an employee, a company or a landlord. Because the rules and official tariffs change, confirm the current position with a qualified lawyer before you act.

Talk to a Lawyer in Istanbul

If you would like advice on your own situation, Karanfiloglu Law Firm is a registered law office in Istanbul serving foreigners and Turkish clients across Turkey. You can reach us by phone or WhatsApp at +90 532 659 35 11, by email at karanfiloglu.lawyer@gmail.com, or visit us at Merkez Mah. Hasat Sk. No:12, Şişli, İstanbul. Contact us to discuss your situation.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is mediation in Turkey mandatory before going to court?

Yes, mediation in Turkey is mandatory before filing certain lawsuits, including labour, commercial, consumer and many rent disputes. If your dispute falls in one of these categories, you must complete the mediation step first, or the court will reject the case on procedural grounds.

How long does the mediation process in Turkey take?

Mandatory mediation usually concludes within about three to four weeks of the mediator's appointment. Many straightforward disputes settle in one or two sessions, while voluntary mediation runs on a timeline the parties set, though it still tends to finish far faster than litigation.

How does mediation work in Turkey?

Mediation in Turkey works through a registered, neutral mediator who contacts both sides, holds one or more confidential sessions, and helps them negotiate a settlement. The process ends with either a signed agreement, which can be enforced like a court judgment, or a final report confirming that no agreement was reached.

Is a mediation settlement legally binding in Turkey?

A mediation settlement can carry the force of a court judgment once the agreement is signed and given an enforceability annotation. That means you can enforce it through the enforcement office without having to file a separate lawsuit.

Do I need a lawyer for mediation in Turkey?

A lawyer is not legally required, but having one is common in labour and commercial mediation. A lawyer helps you assess whether a proposed settlement is fair, protects your position if the case later goes to court, and reviews the terms before you sign an enforceable agreement.

What happens if the other side does not attend mediation?

If a party fails to attend a mandatory mediation without a valid excuse, there can be cost consequences. The absent party may be ordered to pay the litigation costs later even if that party ultimately wins the case, which is a strong incentive to participate.

Can foreigners use mediation in Turkey?

Yes, foreign nationals and foreign companies use mediation in Turkey under the same rules as Turkish parties. If you are an employee or a business in a mandatory category, the requirement applies regardless of nationality, and mediation sessions can often be arranged online.

How much does mediation in Turkey cost?

Mediation fees follow the official Mediation Minimum Fee Tariff. If the parties settle, the fee is usually a tariff-based percentage of the disputed amount, shared between them; if a mandatory mediation ends without agreement, the state generally covers the first two hours, so a short failed mediation often costs the parties little.

About the Author

Kaan Karanfiloğlu is the founder of Karanfiloglu Law Firm, an Istanbul-based registered law office serving Turkish and international clients across Turkey. He is a lawyer registered with the Istanbul Bar Association (Reg. No. 58270) and the Union of Turkish Bar Associations (No. 133074), and has practised law in Turkey since 2017. He holds an LL.B. from Galatasaray University Faculty of Law (2016) and advises clients in Turkish, English and French; the firm also serves clients in Russian and Chinese with experienced in-office translators.

Disclaimer: This article provides general information about Turkish law and is not legal advice. Laws, regulations, official fees and procedures change over time and every situation is different. For advice on your specific circumstances, please consult a qualified lawyer. No liability is accepted for any loss arising from reliance on the information in this article.